Is human safety universal? Realists, and later neo-realists, have seen safety as merely incomplete as well as provisional, for the reason that “war is expected.” They consider the world anarchical. Since they consider the state as the ultimate power, therefore, safety is destined to be “national safety.” It presupposes a set of mechanisms to defend a state so that it can continue as a political unit. They include defence against attacks and pressure from outside as well as against any event that could gravely intimidate a country’s ruling government from inside. As such attacks can take place anytime, they call for force. When there is neither war nor other armed disagreement, a state is hypothetically “safe” or “at peace.” Southeast Asia calls it “comprehensive security.” Many non-state actors, including the non-government organisations (NGOs), propagate this idea. Inclusive security goes further, and presupposes customary military pressure, internal aggression and racial conflicts.

Mohammad Rajja, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar,

DHAKA STOCK EXCHANGE

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